Double Marker Test in pregnancy – Procedure, Benefits and Results
he Double Marker Test in pregnancy, also known as the First Trimester Screening Test, is a crucial prenatal screening tool used to evaluate the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in a developing fetus. Conducted between 11 to 14 weeks of pregnancy, this test measures specific biochemical markers—Free Beta HCG and PAPP-A—in the mother’s blood. When combined with an NT scan, it offers valuable insights into fetal health, enabling early detection and timely medical guidance.
regnancy is a beautiful journey filled with happiness, excitement, and many important health decisions. One of the most crucial screening tests during early pregnancy is the Double Marker Test. This test helps identify the risk of genetic disorders in the developing baby and ensures that both mother and child receive the right care at the right time.
What is the Double Marker Test?
The Double Marker Test, also termed a dual marker test, is a prenatal screening test conducted between weeks 10 and 14 of pregnancy. This is a blood test that measures two specific markers—Free Beta-hCG and PAPP-A—through the mother’s blood. These two markers help to detect chromosomal abnormalities in a developing baby, such as Down Syndrome, or Trisomy 21, and Edwards Syndrome, or Trisomy 18.
This test is absolutely safe, non-invasive, and does not harm the baby. It only indicates the risk level and does not confirm any disorder.
Why is the Double Marker Test Done?
the main purpose of this test is the early detection of genetic disorders.
Doctors recommend it because:
- It identifies whether the baby has a higher or lower chance of chromosomal problems.
- It helps detect conditions like Down Syndrome, which may affect the child’s mental and physical development.
- This test can highlight the risk of Edwards Syndrome, which, though rare, is a serious genetic problem.
- The results help the doctors in planning further tests required for the diagnosis.
- Early screening provides time for the parents to emotionally and medically prepare for possible complications.
How Does the Double Marker Test Work?
The test measures two markers:
1. Free Beta-HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
This is a pregnancy hormone produced by the placenta.
Higher levels may indicate a higher risk for Down Syndrome.
The lower levels may be associated with Edwards Syndrome.
2. PAPP-A: Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A
It is also secreted by the placenta.
Low levels can indicate a risk of chromosomal abnormalities.
Normal levels usually mean lower chances of issues.
To increase precision, doctors also combine these tests with an NT test-a nuchal translucency scan that is a ultrasound which measures the fluid behind the back of the neck of your baby. Together they offer a more reliable riskassessment.
Key Benefits: double marker in pregnanct test
- high-risk pregnancy detection in the earlier stages
- Helps prevent late complications
- Offers better management and monitoring
- Prepares parents both emotionally and medically
- Non-invasive and safe to both mother and baby
When Should the Double Marker Test Be Done?
The ideal time for performing the Double Marker Test is:
- Between 11 to 14 weeks of pregnancy
- NT scan, often performed together with this test, tends to be most accurate during that period.
- If the mother misses this window, doctors may suggest a Quadruple Marker Test in the second trimester.
Double Marker Test Procedure in pregnancy
The first step in a double marker blood test screening is to do an ultrasound, and then a blood test will be performed to detect the levels of the two markers – Free Beta-hCG (BHB) and Free PAPP-A (PAPP-A).
Here are the steps of the double marker test procedure:
- Blood Sample Collection – A small blood sample is taken from the mother’s arm, and in certain circumstances, it is paired with a nuchal translucency scan for a more thorough examination.
- Laboratory Analysis – The levels of free beta-hCG and PAPP-A in the blood are measured in a laboratory, and the risk is calculated by combining the results with maternal age, gestational age, and ultrasound findings.
- Report Generation – Based on these results, the pregnancy is classified as a low or high risk for chromosomal abnormalities.
Normal Range of Double Marker Test
The Double Marker Test measures two markers:
1. Free beta- hcg
- Normal Range: 25,700 – 2,88,000 mIU/mL (depending on pregnancy week)
High levels → may indicate higher risk of Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Low levels → may suggest Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18) risk
2. papp-A ( pregnancy associated plasma protien A)
Normal Range:
At 11 weeks → around 0.79 MoM
At 12 weeks → around 1.03 MoM
At 13 weeks → around 1.20 MoM
Low PAPP-A (< 0.5 MoM) → higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities
Normal/High PAPP-A → good sign
Benefits of the Double Marker Test in pregnancy
1. Early Detection
It helps in finding the genetic risk in the first trimester.
2. Helps parents make informed decisions
Further steps, tests, or treatments can be planned by the couple.
3. Safe and Painless
It involves only a simple blood test, and there is no risk to the baby.
4. Helps Monitor Baby's Development
When combined with NT scan, it gives a clearer picture of fetal health.
Conclusion
One of the most important screening tests in early pregnancy, the Double Marker Test helps evaluate the risk of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome and Edwards Syndrome. This is a non-invasive test that is safe and quick, thus highly recommended for all expecting mothers, especially those above 30 years of age or with previous pregnancy complications. This test detects risks early to support healthier pregnancy decisions and provides valuable insights into the baby’s development.
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